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Strategic Lens

China and Russia

First country

Second country

In 2025, China sold USD 103.5 billion of goods to Russia and bought USD 124.0 billion from it. China and Russia share a land border of 4,179 km. Both are members of the G20, BRICS, APEC and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Their agreement score in UN General Assembly voting was 80 percent in 2023, and 84 percent on average over 2019 to 2023. Both are members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

Benefits

  • BothTrade in goods runs both ways in similar amounts: China sold USD 103.5 billion and Russia sold USD 124.0 billion in 2025.
  • BothTwo-way trade in mineral fuels and oils grew 82 percent, from USD 43.1 billion in 2019 to USD 78.3 billion in 2025.
  • BothTwo-way trade in critical minerals and metals grew 187 percent, from USD 3.11 billion in 2019 to USD 8.94 billion in 2025.

Constraints

  • BothFlows are one-sided: in 2025, Russia sold USD 78.1 billion of mineral fuels and oils, against USD 161 million the other way.
  • BothFlows are one-sided: in 2025, Russia sold USD 8.89 billion of critical minerals and metals, against USD 51.6 million the other way.
  • BothFlows are one-sided: in 2025, Russia sold USD 1.62 billion of fertilisers, against USD 2.3 million the other way.

Sources: UN Comtrade (public preview API), annual goods trade, HS classification (retrieved 26 September 2026); CIA World Factbook (retrieved 26 September 2026); Wikidata, statements on membership (property P463) (retrieved 26 September 2026); United Nations General Assembly voting data (Voeten, Strezhnev and Bailey), agreement scores (retrieved 25 September 2026)

Last updated on 26 September 2026

At a glance

Goods trade, both ways
USD 227.5 billion
2025, as reported by China
China to Russia
USD 103.5 billion
2025, as reported by China
Russia to China
USD 124.0 billion
2025, as reported by China

What connects China and Russia

Economy

Trade in goodsIn 2025, China sold USD 103.5 billion of goods to Russia and bought USD 124.0 billion from it.

Resources

EnergyIn 2025, China sold USD 161 million of mineral fuels and oils to Russia and bought USD 78.1 billion from it.Critical mineralsIn 2025, China sold USD 51.6 million of critical minerals and metals to Russia and bought USD 8.89 billion from it.Agriculture and foodIn 2025, China sold USD 3.21 billion of agricultural and food products to Russia and bought USD 8.00 billion from it.FertiliserIn 2025, China sold USD 2.3 million of fertilisers to Russia and bought USD 1.62 billion from it.

Industry

Supply chains and manufacturingIn 2025, China sold USD 40.8 billion of machinery, vehicles and iron and steel to Russia and bought USD 1.11 billion from it.TechnologyIn 2025, China sold USD 14.8 billion of electrical and electronic equipment to Russia and bought USD 147 million from it.Pharma and healthIn 2025, China sold USD 147 million of pharmaceutical products to Russia and bought USD 4.5 million from it.

Security

Defence and armsBoth are members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.Nuclear and spaceIn 2025, China sold USD 1.3 million of nuclear materials, reactors and spacecraft to Russia and bought USD 1.67 billion from it.Border and maritimeChina and Russia share a land border of 4,179 km.

Diplomacy

Multilateral alignmentBoth are members of the G20, BRICS, APEC and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Their agreement score in UN General Assembly voting was 80 percent in 2023, and 84 percent on average over 2019 to 2023.Diaspora and mobilityIn 2024, 14 thousand people born in China lived in Russia, and 21 thousand people born in Russia lived in China.

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